picaridin toxicity cats

Picaridin products can be formulated as solids, liquids, sprays, aerosols, or wipes. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. picaridin toxicity cats Lack of coordination (i.e., trouble walking), Respiratory failure (e.g., trouble breathing). Context: While low toxicity is reported, there are sparse data on the safety of acute picaridin (icaridin) exposures in humans. They also can ingest it through a compost pile or from moldy nuts or fruits that have fallen from trees. Icaridin, also known as picaridin, is an insect repellent which can be used directly on skin or clothing. comment . If left untreated, or if the cat continues to ingest more, it will cause liver toxicity and fatal heart conditions. picaridin toxicity cats Both your cat and its prey will have then been poisoned. 90+% Capitalist Party defenders to the hill (I am just have to vote for that party because of the state I live-in) & yet sliding down/self focused lives, made worse by COVID-10 & Its Variants & before that rest of near, same problems, family/friends moved 100s of miles away*. http://npic.orst.edu. but not in water that had been treated. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. When looking for a more natural bug spray it is important to make sure it doesnt include any of the ingredients below. Wildlife Poisoning / Environmental Incident. endstream endobj 471 0 obj <>stream This toxin can cause severe vomiting, diarrhea, liver failure, difficulty breathing, and death. If exposure to the toxin came through the skin, your veterinarian will use specialized wash for removing the residue from the hair and skin of your pet. I do not know what else I can do, our NEW local commissioner (which by the way is a position that declaring what party one is a part is not allowed & previous good to an extent commissioner is now mayor of our county ) office always tells me to handle problems myself (which I have had to do multiple times, just recently, yet all except one, I have not received any communications back) & state agencies make it near impossible to get anything done- like trying to get our water tested -for free!- from underground aquifer (sp? This is especially true at night when you have to worry about things like mosquitoes. spots. "If you are spraying a 1 percent concentration on clothing and it dries, it's unlikely that you'll see any problems with the cat," Means says. As with all toxins, the sooner you get your cat treated, the better. Even medications approved for pets can be toxic if the cat ingests too high a dose. Caffeine is a stimulant, and the same stimulant effects that help humans stay awake can cause toxicity in cats. This has to be the single most intelligent comment section I have ever seen in my life. Signs of this toxicity include: If left untreated, this toxin can potentially cause lifelong kidney damage, and even death. registered to repel or train dogs & cats, but not formulated for use as insect repellents. Picaridin General Fact Sheet; National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services. How do I align things in the following tabular environment? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. NPIC fact sheets are designed to answer questions that are commonly Salt toxicity is less likely to affect a cat that is properly hydrated and has free access to fresh water. 2021 Winter;20(1):216-253. doi: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.114891.15088. My code is GPL licensed, can I issue a license to have my code be distributed in a specific MIT licensed project? 1-800-222-1222. And before treating any animal directly with any insecticide, check with your vet first. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. In 2021, ASPCA Pet Poison Control (APCC) reportedly helped 401,550 animals of all sizes, across 50 states, with a wide variety of toxicities ranging from gardening products to essential oil ingestions. Since only the icaridin content of the tested repellent product is known, the observed effects cannot be readily attributed to icaridin. Unintentional ingestion of picaridin-containing and other insect repellents was associated only with minor toxicity and was generally managed outside of a health-care facility. FamilyCare, Autan, Smidge, PiActive and MOK.O. Other reactions to watch for are drooling or pawing at the mouth. with picaridin in them for sale in the United States. and transmitted securely. "Don't put the dog product on the cat," says Dr. Lisa Murphy, associate professor of toxicology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Primary symptoms across all insect repellent exposures included ocular irritation/pain, vomiting, red eye/conjunctivitis, and oral irritation. Environmental Distribution of Personal Care Products and Their Effects on Human Health. The prognosis for this toxicity is good if treatment is initiated before clinical signs develop. Further, although irrelevant to the question, is the increasing concern that just as we humans created staph that resists our antibiotics, we are also creating mosquitoes that resist DEET. Besides the annoyance, mosquitoes cause us to worry about the diseases they spread to our dogs and cats. almost all of it in their urine within a day of exposure. If you want to use something that will be safe to use around your cat (and other pets) that actually works, look no further than lavender. Capitalist Prescription Industry committed suicide, last year. The most common pet medications that can be toxic to cats, if improperly administered, are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), heartworm preventatives, antibiotics, and nutritional supplements. It is in the piperidine chemical family. In studies using laboratory animals, Picaridin technical is of relatively low acute toxicity: Toxicity Category III for acute oral and acute dermal; and Toxicity Category IV for primary eye and skin irritation. Keywords: Shutty B, Swender D, Chernin L, Tcheurekdjian H, Hostoffer R. Frances SP, Waterson DG, Beebe NW, Cooper RD. It was made to resemble the natural compound This plant contains insoluble oxalate crystals. THANK YOU for the info of insecticides to avoid around cats. If Lead poisoning in cats can occur from lead paint ingestion/inhalation or other sources, such as fishing weights, toys, and jewelry, and less commonly from automotive oils and lead glaze for pottery. Insect Repellents [fact sheet] | Extension What happens to picaridin when it enters the body? "NPR has always been a wonderful source of great information," wrote Colleen Scott-Jackson of Jacksonville, N.C. "I would hate to see any cats harmed because an important piece of information is left out of the story.". If your cat needs to be treated for pests while it is recovering, or if it is sick for any other reason, ask your veterinarian to recommend some alternatives to chemical treatments. Picaridin-containing product exposures were assessed using Poisindex() product ID 6744589. picaridin toxicity cats & staff (- that spends time with customers ) which has suffered greatly because of COVID-19 & Its Variants. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. first made in the 1980s. NPDS was queried for single agent human insect repellent ingestions reported between 1 January 2000 and 31 May 2015 using the American Association of Poison Control Center generic categories 201048 (Insect Repellents with DEET) and 201049 (Insect Repellents without DEET). Which climate causes the mosquito (Culicidae) to die? This potentially fatal bleeding usually occurs inside the body and can go unrecognized until its too late. The site is secure. In addition to eating them, cats may inhale them in the environment or by grooming contaminated fur. Why do small African island nations perform better than African continental nations, considering democracy and human development? Objective: In humans, less than 6% of the picaridin applied to skin was absorbed. If you suspect your cat has been poisoned, please call your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline immediately to discuss next steps. Hiking, maybe, depends on how much heat you need to shed. Having potted lavender on your deck or patio is a great way to keep bugs away from your house. hb```V&~ !BW4lq``(9 (v'BNzJ The toxin can cause heart problems, seizures, and death. Picaridin has been widely used as an insect Grape/raisin toxicity can cause life-threatening kidney damage and/or kidney failure. Cholinesterases are enzymes which break down acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter. What should I use as mosquito repellent? The commercial material contains a mixture of all four stereoisomers. The following plants and flowers can be dangerous for your cat: All parts of this plant are toxic. HlAN0EO;Bv&DRHa'Rc[gc;5fx<6T:c5&RgeQaS 3u84sPEsta_;Eh!dlSDVj6r@?O9 This highly toxic plant causes serious kidney disease and death. Understandable, our community/unincorporated jut one-negative (horrible environmental problems) is it is full of COVID-19 & Its Variants deniers, and the Vets. *- One (becoming like the male roommate) has severe Asthma, and had troubles lately & her mother that was a smoker, but crazy about cleaning/appearance- hate people that care so much about appearance over functionally of concern for appearance & the other grew up with dominating his father that sprayed bug spray everywhere- cancer in family anyone & yet careless about cleaning after themselves, both are pro (even though it is ineffective) Raid spraying when see more than a couple of cockroaches, but not pro cleaning-up after themselves. 0 By Posted swahili word for strong woman In indoor photo locations omaha Full text of the 'Sri Mahalakshmi Dhyanam & Stotram', Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology. [2] Icaridin does not dissolve plastics, synthetics or sealants. objective, science-based information about pesticides and -y' 7;O$RL4|x;>nfs(}@b~R\S(2dB~(i1T#LrvLI*(AZZ5)OU|m>_]5/u\d~69|~_guCrH.U*68S-[(2Un7zU +a.>ey5XH}cuJ"[ ozO'oJX8";=Rp8`XKS tFUk%M1kCID#OF-@t@?~%@>sXWi"QAyGXar% /d+p-L%G1PA1E( piperine, which is found in the group of plants that are used Picaridin repels insects, ticks and chiggers. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PicaridinGen.html. "Cats seem to be deficient in one of the primary mechanisms for metabolizing permethrin," she says, which is why they are more susceptible to the chemical. picaridin toxicity cats. The U.S. EPA decided that picaridin is not likely to cause cancer based on long-term skin exposure studies "This is good advice, but know that you can't easily wash permethrin out of clothes. Thanks for your comment. 481 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<0D64598A8932CC42AF78099BDAF442ED>]/Index[467 29]/Info 466 0 R/Length 75/Prev 47441/Root 468 0 R/Size 496/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream (last Saturday), promised to call when it comes back in (hopefully, tomorrow or Thursday of this week) and we cannot get a hold of them by phone, have to leave messages to call back, which have yet, gotten a call back about, really have to drive to them (luckily, 15-Mins. [21], Recent evidence with Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes suggests icaridin does not strongly activate olfactory receptors neurons, but instead functions to reduce the volatility of the odorants to which it is mixed. It is best to use these items at a fair distance away from wildlife as well so applying them on your deck, in your driveway, or in your garage is best. Cats suffering from seizures will be given anti-seizure medication to stop the seizures. Iron poisoning in cats can start with stomach upset and intestinal bleeding. They are so crazy busy lately, they were out of stock for our Hypothyroid cats parasite med. sprays, liquids, aerosols, or wipes. Picaridin is an insect repellent that is applied directly to the skin. If your cat has been diagnosed as having toxic levels of insecticide in its system, your veterinarian will immediately stabilize and decontaminate your pet. Scientists found picaridin in wastewater going into treatment plants If you contact poison control prior to a veterinarian, you will receive a case number that you can provide to your primary veterinarian, who can consult about the case and get specific treatment recommendations. Commercial products containing icaridin include Cutter Advanced, Muskol, Skin So Soft Bug Guard Plus, Off! The crystal structure of AgamOBP1icaridin complex (PDB: 5EL2) revealed that icaridin binds to the DEET-binding site in two distinct orientations and also to a second binding site (sIC-binding site) located at the C-terminal region of the AgamOBP1. Rats and humans excrete This is good advice, but know that you can't easily wash permethrin out of clothes. They have had veteran, stayed for years, Vets. But if you DIY from a bottle you buy at Wal-Mart, that can survive 5 or 6 washings. If your cat was exposed to a toxin on the skin, bathing it to remove the toxin is highly recommended, if you can do it safely. Risks can be reduced by always reading the entire label and following This works for mosquitoes, flies, moths, ticks, fleas, and even some spiders. Iron toxicity can occur if your cat ingests an iron supplement medication commonly taken by people for low-iron medical conditions. [9] Icaridin was earlier reported to be effective by Consumer Reports (7% solution)[10] and the Australian Army (20% solution). Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? See here and here. One strategy is to use whatever repellent you want, but, if it harmful to cats, thoroughly shower and wash your hair and change into uncontaminated clothes after your trip and before you get home. Per the CDC, there have not been any reports of pets becoming infected with Zika. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Cats exposed to toxic chemicals may not exhibit all of the signs of poisoning. Picaridin: What It Is And How It Works | OFF! Repellent Even diluted oils can be dangerous, as neither option has been confirmed safe by the FDA or the EPA. US consumers, accustomed to using DEET, did not pick up on the potential of Picaridin immediately. picaridin toxicity cats the National Pesticide Information Center, Monday - Friday, between 8:00am - 12:00pm Pacific Time (11:00am - 3:00pm Eastern Time) at 1-800-858-7378 or visit us on the web at Chocolate toxicity in cats becomes more severe as the amount of cocoa increases. [5], On 23 July 2020, icaridin was approved again by the EU Commission for use in repellent products. Copper toxicity is considered uncommon, but still possible. Shiau AL, Liao CS, Tu CW, Wu SN, Cho HY, Yu MC. The biggest problem for cats is when they are exposed to highly concentrated permethrin products meant for use in dogs, she says. These poisons cause the rodent to bleed profusely by keeping the blood from clotting. The state I am in (thanks to parents-their friends/aunts & uncles unwilling to move) is a mess, probably the worse, with COVID-19 & Its Variants. The fumes can cause nervous system damage in cats. Aerogard safe cat !. Yes, today, I left another phone call for Vet. access_time23 junio, 2022. person. Signs of internal bleeding include: During the winter, in colder areas, it is common to use a de-icing salt or ice melt on sidewalks and driveways. Because the widely used LC50 test for assessing a chemical's environmental toxicity is based on mortality within four days, the authors suggested that icaridin would be incorrectly deemed as "safe" under the test protocol. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. picaridin toxicity cats. These plants have different effects on cats depending on the amount ingested. Never apply full strength lavender essential oil to the skin, it can cause irritation. folder_openhow fast does tyreek hill run mph. Addendum: See the answer of @Alexander, which, IMO is the simplest and most elegant and most foolproof way to safeguard the kittens. replace or supersede the restrictions, precautions, directions, or My only reservation -- will you do this as fanatically as necessary for the kittens? Please cite as: Gervais, J. AntidepressantsEffexor, Prozac, Sarafem, Rapiflux, Selfemra, and Fluoxetine. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Picaridin General Fact Sheet - Oregon State University No data were found regarding the mode of action of picaridin on non-target organisms. View chapter Purchase book There are many alternatives to ice melt that are pet-friendly, and sand is another non-harmful alternative. The parent animals' skin got thicker, became irritated, and developed dark There is evidence that it does not cause serious problems in cats, but there have been some reports of toxicity symptoms occurring when cats ingest larger amounts of this known toxin. This toxin can also cause a cat to be extremely vocal. Is there a single-word adjective for "having exceptionally strong moral principles"? Is it plausible for constructed languages to be used to affect thought and control or mold people towards desired outcomes? And it may seem obvious, but if you're using a permethrin soak for your clothes, make sure the cat doesn't drink from the bucket. The entire plant is considered toxic, but the leaves are the most dangerous. Insecticide Toxicity in Cats - PetMD to talk to us or create & mail a letter to roommates. We don't use them, but it does get frustrating. All parts of the plant are toxic to cats. Methods: Picaridin Technical Fact Sheet - Oregon State University "Of course you can always get an individual [cat] who is more sensitive, but for most animals there are going to be minimal clinical signs," she says. If you suspect that your pet is unwell because of exposure to insecticides, you will need to remove your cat from the toxic environment, or cease using the insecticides, and seek medical attention for it before the condition becomes dire. ", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://archive.epa.gov/hsrb/web/pdf/2a_lnx003_primary_report_mrid_480538011.pdf, "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1086 of 23 July 2020 approving icaridin as an existing active substance for use in biocidal products of product-type 19", http://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961604P0059X/1, "Mosquito Repellents That Best Protect Against Zika", - Consumer Reports Confirms Effectiveness Of New Alternative To Deet, "Field Evaluation of Repellent Formulations Containing Deet and Picaridin Against Mosquitoes in Northern Territory, Australia", "High mortality in aquatic predators of mosquito larvae caused by exposure to insect repellent", "Opinion on the application for approval of the active substance Icaridin, Product type: 19", "Widely used mosquito repellent proves lethal to larval salamanders". picaridin toxicity cats - forwardmerchantfunding.com Essential oils are not all-natural products. "Cats seem particularly sensitive to bad tastes in their mouths," Murphy says. I guess I should have locked them up in the room their cat box is in, but he still sprays the floor boards. There aren't a lot of options, but there's more wiggle-room if you won't be with your cats while you're using your mosquito repellent. Toxic levels of carbamate insecticides like methomyl and carbofuran can cause seizures and respiratory arrest in your cat. I Are children more sensitive to picaridin than adults? They can also cause low blood pressure in cats, which can be life-threatening. verset coranique pour attirer les femmes. HWmo6n|t;,7CY/^ 3>]-.o'L+p7T|!qQxajRw]sx$Wzu(f{$d#z.|0@Z WW\Bdj"(^_V3I*Fgnt1RNu~i:40F@01O5-uB!I=. Instead of a comment here could you edit that into your question so other people would get a bigger picture of your plan. Abstract. and hyacinth (Hyacintus orientalis). Many essential oils found in natural bug sprays and creams are mildly to severely toxic to cats. PMC Other plants that contain this toxin are Dogbane, Giant Milkweed, Foxglove, Kalanchoe, Lily of the Valley, and Star of Bethlehem. While the entire plant is toxic to cats, the seeds or nuts are the most dangerous. requirements, nor does it necessarily reflect the position of the Be sure to read labels if you are purchasing a traditional bug spray from a store. [11] Consumer Reports retests in 2006 gave as result that a 7% solution of icaridin offered little or no protection against Aedes mosquitoes (vector of dengue fever) and a protection time of about 2.5 hours against Culex (vector of West Nile virus), while a 15% solution was good for about one hour against Aedes and 4.8 hours against Culex. Rather than being true repellents, they seem to create irritation and toxicity symptoms in ticks, which cause ticks to drop off and prevent them from . You will need to give a thorough history of your cat's health, onset of symptoms, and possible incidents that might have preceded this condition. Fun fact: Piper is the latin word for pepper. Get practical pet health tips, articles, and insights from our veterinary community delivered weekly to your inbox. In order, from most to least common, the five most common types of poisons in cats are: Human medication (both over the counter (OTC) and prescription, Household products (cleaning, paint, veterinary products, and insecticides). J Med Entomol. This is likely because Picaridin is a much newer product on the market, only approved for use in the U.S. in 2005 and europe in 1998. "Mosquito odorant receptor for DEET and methyl jasmonate", "Commonly Used Insect Repellents Hide Human Odors from Anopheles Mosquitoes", Picaridin General Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center, Choosing and Using Insect Repellents - National Pesticide Information Center, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icaridin&oldid=1107618991, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1-(1-Methylpropoxycarbonyl)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine, 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-methylpropyl ester, Hydroxyethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, This page was last edited on 30 August 2022, at 23:43. Ive also heard that there are no published scientific studies to back this up with more concrete evidence based proof. Pyrethrin and/or pyrethroid, are ingredients in some flea/tick medications (topical sprays, dips, shampoos, preventions, etc.) walmart labs software engineer 3 salary. It forms a defensive barrier on the skin which can take 15-30 . why is lagos jewelry so expensive / spongebob friendships / picaridin toxicity cats. This is the best advice! business & friends with owner/1-most experienced Vet. NPIC provides #X8-83560101). University. Scientists think that picaridin hWmoF+qEOl7:,iQ{ 4eVtzqw$(JNfa ';&@ cP`oAIQLZ! Toxin effects are similar to what a human experiences, and your veterinarian will prescribe Digoxin as a medication. Symptoms can take a few days to show up, or can occur right away. The signs of toxicity are similar to those in humans and include: Cats who have ingested a small amount of alcohol may sleep it off, as most people do. 10 Common Poisonous Plants for Cats | PetMD Insecticide Toxicity in Cats - Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis - WagWalking Acute Toxicity: Oral Picaridin is classified as slightly toxic if ingested. There is no published evidence on whether or not picaridin is safe for cats, only dogs. picaridin toxicity catsexamples of misfeasance in healthcare. Plus, Hyperthyroid cat acting even more crazy about food, than crazy normal, for Hyperthyroid cats. Zika virus FAQ: What is it, and what are the risks as it spreads? what kind of whales are in whale rider; navy lodge pensacola cottages; california framing hammer; picaridin toxicity cats. Below is a list of toxic ingredients you want to avoid altogether. Enjoy your hike, and the safe return to your kittehs. picaridin toxicity cats - sexygeeks.be Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. These skin reactions are usually easily treated by washing the affected area with mild, liquid dishwashing detergent. Cats can be exposed by ingesting (eating) a toxic substance, inhaling (breathing) it, or absorbing it through the skin. endstream endobj startxref Fishing, yes. Safe Cat Flea Treatments | Preventive Vet University and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (cooperative agreement Green algae grown in water with picaridin While low toxicity is reported, there are sparse data on the safety of acute picaridin (icaridin) exposures in humans. Tulips can cause severe stomach upset in cats. After ingestion, arsenic can cause severe abdominal pain, vomiting, wobbly gait, diarrhea, collapse, and death. A!d@p:b> /CkVNs/0pI>``kb`{$ w(O*( #' Picaridin is considered practically nontoxic if inhaled. If the bulb is ingested in large chunks, it can cause a stomach or intestinal blockage. picaridin applied to skin was absorbed. I would definitely continue to avoid DEET and Permethrin due to known toxicity in cats. sprays are used around the body, especially in indoor spaces where Is permethrin safe for cats after it dries? Deet OR Picaridn? | Health and safety travel forum This toxin causes your cat to develop possibly life-threatening hemolytic anemia, a condition in which your cats body destroys its own red blood cells, resulting in anemia (low red blood cell count). mosquitoes - Cat-safe mosquito repellent? - The Great Outdoors Stack outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/15740/, https://novacatclinic.com/how-can-i-protect-my-cat-from-mosquitos/, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Icaridin; insect repellent; picaridin; toxicity. 2 See the text boxes on Toxicity Classification and LD50/LC50 . [1] It has broad efficacy against various arthropods such as mosquitos, ticks, gnats, flies and fleas, and is almost colorless and odorless. decisions. When researchers applied picaridin to the skin of rats, 60% of it went through the skin. "Some cats will be so sensitive that even just casual contact with a dog that's been treated will be enough to cause clinical signs, including tremors, seizures and in the worst-case scenario death," she says. There are many different designs and sizes to choose from on the market so just go with whatever one is best for you. You need to check out how easily the skeeter repellent washes out. Be sure to read labels if you are purchasing a traditional bug spray from a store. They are very sensitive to them, and some can be toxic, like the tea tree, citronella, and (some types of) peppermint oils in the above recipe! I am concerned about DEET-treated stuff though. She agrees that the most dangerous scenario for cats is an accidental exposure to a highly concentrated product meant for dogs. Picaridin appears to work by preventing the mosquito finding or recognizing its host. When a cat is poisoned, a wide range of symptoms may occur, from minor skin irritation to death. Someorganophosphate insecticides commonly used include coumaphos, cyothioate, diazinon, fampfhur, fention, phosmet, and tetrachlorvinphos. An official website of the United States government. Primary symptoms across all insect repellent exposures included ocular irritation/pain, vomiting, red eye/conjunctivitis, and oral irritation. there are currently no data to suggest that children have increased sensitivity specifically Copper-containing items your cat could swallow include wires, jewelry, and even old pennies.

Leicester Stock Car Racing, Andy Cole House Cheshire, Junior High Basketball Cheers, Articles P

robert isom email address

S

M

T

W

T

F

S


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

August 2022


famous melodrama actors what did german soldiers call each other