2022.08.24 Wednesday>> /Producer |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax 13 0 obj heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. . /Group << /GS7 27 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 << [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. >> -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R endobj -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) Wim . Jonathan A. . /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. << << Add to folder The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. /F3 23 0 R 18 . 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /ExtGState << /Diagram /Figure Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B /Type /Font 5,000 & 8,000 \\ Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] >> /F4 24 0 R /InlineShape /Sect How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? Rationality and the reflective mind . 22 0 obj This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. Before this, human thinking was. /GS7 27 0 R Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /Font << /FirstChar 32 Sandrine . -Differs: adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit /Resources << [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /Type /Group Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be /RoleMap 18 0 R endobj >> /Type /Group xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. /Type /Page << /Parent 2 0 R [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. >> [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. /GS8 28 0 R /Type /StructElem What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. July 2015 . /GS7 27 0 R >> When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) stream How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /BaseFont /Arial One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /ExtGState << How does a "flawed scientist" reason? /F6 26 0 R What factors affect obedience? << << >> 19 0 obj What percentage showed complete compliance? [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. >> Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /F3 23 0 R /Font << too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /Tabs /S /Worksheet /Part That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. What does WEIRD refer to? -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. /Resources << Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. ]"&4v /F5 25 0 R endobj Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /ParentTreeNextKey 13 /Type /Group /CS /DeviceRGB To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Group << COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts << Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. << << 4 0 obj The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /ExtGState << Unfortunately for this moral responsibility refuge, natural science has now scouted this cognitive corner. /Tabs /S /Resources << << [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. >> AVERSIVE /FontDescriptor 364 0 R /StructParents 4 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. /GS7 27 0 R What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? What is social facilitation? >> endobj >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. /Footnote /Note /Annotation /Sect What is the difference between them? /Font << As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) 23 0 obj If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. Houd . /Length 2864 /Contents 35 0 R People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] << >> How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? /CA 1 -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. /Name /F3 %PDF-1.4 According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. What is what? /Type /Page [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}.
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