battle of mogadishu soldiers list

[17][18][19][20], In January 1991, Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre was overthrown by a coalition of opposing clans, precipitating the Somali Civil War. Lieut. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is a New York State Parks Site under the jurisdiction of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission. Following the initial call to arms, the SNA commanders ceased radio transmissions, cognizant that the Americans had the ability to jam and intercept their communications, opting to instead rely on hand written dispatches and couriers. battle of mogadishu soldiers list September 15, 2020 Next, the two Black Hawks carrying the second Delta assault team came into position and dropped their teams as the four Ranger chalks prepared to rope onto the four corners surrounding the target building. Before the assault was carried out an SNA officer came to Col. Giumale with the relatives of the Somalis detained in the homes and warned that there were women and children present in the building. Like the book, the film describes events surrounding the operation, but there are differences between the book and the film, such as Rangers marking targets at night by throwing strobe lights at them, when in reality the Rangers marked their own positions and close air support targeted everything else. Meanwhile, Task Force Ranger's "Little Birds" continued their defense of Super 61's downed crew and rescuers. Men die when vehicle hits land mine in area dominated by supporters of warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid", "These Secret Helicopters Were Flown By A Shadowy Unit During The Battle of Mogadishu", "Rangers Honor Fallen Brothers of Operation Gothic Serpent", "3 Killed as U.S. Chopper Is Shot Down in Somalia", "3 GIS KILLED AS SOMALIS DOWN HELICOPTER", "Background Information For Operation Restore Hope", "Hard Day's Night: A Retrospective on the American Intervention in Somalia", "This Ranger fought in Mogadishu before becoming a country music star", "On this Day, October 3, 1993, Battle of Mogadishu (Black Hawk Down)", "Interviews - Captain Haad | Ambush in Mogadishu | FRONTLINE | PBS", "U.S. AC-130 GUNSHIPS PATROL OVER SOMALI CAPITAL", "Interviews Ambassador Robert Oakley | Ambush in Mogadishu | FRONTLINE", "Somalia Battle Killed 12 Americans, Wounded 78", "Silver Star Awards in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope", "SFC Matthew Rierson - Airborne Ranger in the Sky", "Long Valley man: Ranger son's death won't be in vain", "Congressional Record, Volume 140 Issue 76 (Thursday, June 16, 1994)", "Who Is Bin Laden? ', "Bakara papar peristiwa sebenar di Mogadishu", "National Geographic TV Shows, Specials & Documentaries", "20 years after Black Hawk Down, a 'Return to Mogadishu', CBS 60-Minutes: Black Hawk Down Site Revisited 20 Years Later, "Task Force Ranger and the Battle of Mogadishu Exhibit", http://www.armyaviationmuseum.org/super-68/, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, The Borneo Post Book tells the truth on the 'Black Hawk Down' incident in Mogadishu, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)&oldid=1142626433, Mortally wounded by an RPG on the Lost Convoy, died while en route to a field hospital in Germany, Killed by stray mortar shell that landed near him 6 October, two days after the initial raid, Bronze Star with Valor Device, Purple Heart, Mortally wounded on the Lost Convoy, died en route to a field hospital in Germany. [65] Corporal Mat Aznan Awang was awarded the Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa medal (Gallant Warrior/Warrior of Extreme Valor). [55] In response, U.S. President Bill Clinton approved the proposal to deploy a special task force composed of elite special forces units, including 400 U.S. Army Rangers and Delta Force operators. SNA forces were primarily equipped with light infantry weaponry, like the AK-47 assault rifle. This operation, called Restore Hope, saw the U.S. assuming the unified command in accordance with Resolution 794. Soldiers of Task Force Ranger take cover and return fire during the 3-4 October battle. The main elements of the criticism surround: the administration's decision to leave the region before completing the operation's humanitarian and security objectives; the perceived failure to recognize the threat al-Qaeda elements posed in the region; and the threat against U.S. security interests at home. NAIROBI, KENYA, OCT. 4 -- Twelve American soldiers were killed, 78 wounded and an undetermined number missing and believed captured in the ferocious 15-hour battle in Mogadishu, the Somali. JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources. The battle is now referred to as the First Battle of Mogadishu to distinguish it from the Second Battle of Mogadishu of 2006. Veterans reflect on Battle of Mogadishu. Served with Delta Force as Squadron Commander during Operation Urgent Fury in 1983. KIWAYU, Kenya, March 21 The chaos in Somalia took an ugly turn on Wednesday when full-scale fighting broke out in Mogadishu and furious crowds mutilated the bodies of government soldiers,. The Battle of Mogadishu or Day of the Rangers (Somali Maalintii Rangers), was part of Operation Gothic Serpent and was fought from 34 October 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United Statessupported by UNOSOM IIand Somali militiamen loyal to the selfproclaimed presidenttobe M . [56], On 22 August 1993, the unit deployed to Somalia under the command of Major General William F. Garrison, commander of the special multi-disciplinary Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) at the time. Public domain. [15], While the U.S. forces waiting for relief held their position in the homes, AH-6 Little Birds, working in pairs and flying all night long, constantly strafed and pushed back the creeping forces of militia and have consequently been credited with keeping besieged Americans alive until dawn. New . Four Rangers, CPL Jamie Smith, SP4 James Cavaco, SGT James Joyce, and SGT Richard Kowalewski were killed on the Lost Convoy. The Battle for Mogadishu evolved from a well-planned kidnapping to an all-out fight for the lives of American Special Forces. [74] Approximately 360 militiamen had encircled the first helicopter, along with hundreds of other armed Somalis volunteers and irregulars not associated with the SNA. [citation needed] Owing to the dense urban character of the battle, estimates of Somali casualties greatly varywith most estimates set between 315 and 2,000 Somali casualties, including civilians. [80], Knowing the Americans were well entrenched in defensive positions they had taken on the four houses on Freedom Road, Col. Giumale ordered six 60mm mortars emplaced between 21 October Road and Armed Forces Street to obliterate the buildings. According to the 1994 United Nations Inquiry in the events leading up to the Battle of Mogadishu: "Opinions differ, even among UNOSOM officials, on whether the weapons inspections of 5 June 1993 was genuine or was merely a cover-up for reconnaissance and subsequent seizure of Radio Mogadishu. On this day in 1993, the Battle of Mogadishu started. [9][10][11], On 3 October 1993, U.S. forces planned to seize two of Aidid's high-ranking lieutenants during a meeting deep in the city. On that day, 18 Americans were killed while fighting against up to a thousand Somali warlord fighters. [80] Both pilots were killed in the resulting crash and two of the crew were severely wounded. [91] Communications were confused between the ground convoy and the assault team. A desperate defense of the two downed helicopters began and fighting lasted through the night to defend the survivors of the crashes. These disturbing events of a decade ago have taken on increas-ing meaning after the horrific attacks of 11 September 2001. Rangers and soldiers in the air and on the ground were sent into the city to capture and arrest men working with the warlord. American sources estimate between 1,500 and 3,000 Somali casualties, including civilians; SNA forces claim only 315 killed, with 812 wounded. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again. Usually all you saw of a shooter was the barrel of his weapon and his head. Battle of Mogadishu, battle between U.S. forces and Somali militia fighters in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3-4, 1993. Chief Warrant Officer 3 Michael Durant, one of the Black Hawk pilots, was captured. This battle provides several examples of poor planning and failures in executing mission command (MC) which can be lessons learned by U.S. Army Soldiers with the 6th Ranger Training Battalion, observe a moment of silence to remember the fallen from Operation Gothic Ser- have his man, and the capture of Aidid now became his personal battle. [75][85] After close observation, he had hypothesized the American raids clearly stressed speed, so the SNA had to react more quickly. [109], Though the Pentagon initially reported the five American soldiers had been killed, in all, 19 U.S. soldiers were killed in action during the battle, and another 73 were wounded in action. [57], A week before the Battle of Mogadishu, at 2:00 a.m. on 25 September 1993, the SNA used an RPG to shoot down a Black Hawk (callsign Courage 53) while it was on patrol. Casper was the 10th Mountain Division's Falcon Brigade and QRF Commander during the TF Ranger rescue effort. The SNA claimed a much lower casualty rate acknowledging only 133 troops killed in the whole battle. The Rangers would then create a four-corner defensive perimeter around the target building to isolate it and ensure that no enemy could get in or out. The Army has upgraded 60 medals for special operators involved in Operation Gothic Serpent 58 are being upgraded to Silver Stars and two are being upgraded to the Distinguished Flying Cross.. [46][47][78] According to a witness account from American journalist Scott Peterson, in the days preceding the battle, renewed Somali anger against UNOSOM troops had been building following an incident where American mortar crews had fired shells into the dense neighborhoods surrounding their baseresulting in the death of family of 8 and injuring 34, enraging the citizens of South Mogadishu. [15] To the Habr Gidr, including the former moderates and even other clans that had opposed them during the civil war, the raid marked the beginning of war with the American contingent, which would culminate in the Battle of Mogadishu three months later. The civil war had resulted in the destruction of Somalia's agriculture, which in turn led to starvation in large parts of southern Somalia. Then on 8 August, in an area of the city that had been considered "relatively safe to travel in", the SNA detonated a bomb against a U.S. military Humvee, killing four soldiers. No contingency planning or coordination with U.N. forces had been arranged prior to the operation; consequently, the recovery of the surrounded American troops was significantly complicated and delayed. Recipients Somalia. The Battle of Mogadishu (Somali: Maalintii Rangers, lit. [80], A combat search and rescue (CSAR) team was dispatched via Black Hawk Super 68. SNA commanders had anticipated the American response and had set up numerous coordinated ambushes. In an attempt to deceive Somali forces, the formation flew past the target before turning around en masse. There was still no effective government, police, or national army, resulting in serious security threats to U.N. personnel. Operation Gothic Serpent was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United States, supported by UNOSOM II, and Somali militia fighters loyal to the self-proclaimed president-to-be Mohamed Farrah Aidid who had support from armed civilian fighters. The entire operation was estimated to take no longer than 30 minutes. forces. [80], At the second crash site, two Delta snipers, Master Sergeant Gary Gordon and Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart, were inserted by Black Hawk Super 62. [152], Lieutenant Colonel Michael Whetstone, Company Commander of Charlie Company 214 Infantry, published his memoirs of the heroic rescue operation of Task Force Ranger in his book Madness in Mogadishu (2013). It's also since been noted that the equipment may not have arrived in time to make a difference. helicopters. [27][36], At 10:18 in the morning, six American Cobra attack helicopters fired into the summit just as it had begun. If people had left it to the militia and the officers, it would have been no problem. Gary Gordon were posthumously awarded the Medal of . It was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia, between United States troops as part of a larger United Nations peacekeeping mission, and Somali militiamen loyal to Somali General Mohamed Farrah Aidid. He indicated that since Resolution 794's adoption in December 1992, UNITAF's presence and operations had created a positive impact on Somalia's security situation and on the effective delivery of humanitarian assistance (UNITAF deployed 37,000 personnel over forty percent of southern and central Somalia). [65] The crash site was then overran and all the crew members were killed except Durant. As part of the campaign to capture Aidid, U.S. forces in Mogadishu launched the Abdi House raid, on 12 July 1993, resulting in the death of many elders and prominent members of Aidids clan, the Habr Gidr. It was 25 years ago this week that some of America's most elite military forces were pinned down by hundreds of Somali fighters in an intense battle in Mogadishu that killed 18 U . Member of the "Lost Platoon". [108], At the time the battle was the deadliest fight involving U.S. troops since the Vietnam War. Being chairman of the organization, the hunt for Aidid would characterize most of the U.N. intervention from that point on up until the Battle of Mogadishu. [86] Lead by the MH-6 Little Birds, an armada of sixteen helicopters took off from the airport to make the approximately four minute flight to the target site. On October 4th, 1993, gunfire still rocked Mogadishu, the Somalian capital, in the longest continuous firefight American troops had been involved in since Vietnam. [88] Despite air support, the assault team was effectively trapped for the night. Despite the damage, Super 62 was able to vacate the area and make a crash landing a safe distance away from the battle. While we work closely with many different organizations and entities, we are not directly affiliated with nor governed by the federal government, military or any other organizations. Radio was the most popular medium for news in Somalia, and consequently control of the airwaves was considered vital to both the SNA and UNOSOM. In the break out attempt approximately 100 U.S. soldiers fired nearly 60,000 rounds of ammunition and used hundreds of grenades in 30 minutes before being forced to withdraw back to the airfield. [25] Between 1991 and 1992 an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 people died from starvation and another 1.5 million people suffered from it. The raid was only intended to last an hour, but morphed into an overnight standoff and rescue operation extending into the daylight hours of the next day. [81][82], Special operations forces consisting of Bravo Company 3rd Battalion, the 75th Ranger Regiment, the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta, and the 160th Aviation Battalion, would be sent to capture Omar Salad Elmi and Mohamed Hassan Awale. [137], The loss of U.S. military personnel during the Battle of Mogadishu and television images of American soldiers being dragged through the streets by Somalis evoked public outcry. In October 1993, elite American troops launched a disastrous raid in the Somali capital Mogadishu. In the morning, a UNOSOMII armored convoy fought their way to the besieged soldiers and withdrew, incurring further casualties but eventually rescuing the survivors. The U.S. Marine Corps landed the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit MEUSOC in Mogadishu with elements of 2nd Battalion 9th Marines and 3rd Battalion 11th Marines and secured key facilities within two weeks, with the intent to facilitate humanitarian actions. The president of the organization, Rony Brauman would declare that, "For the first time in Somalia there has been a killing under the flag of humanitarianism." [143], American war correspondent Scott Peterson, after extensive interviews with SNA personnel and other Somalis involved in the conflict with UNOSOM wrote, "Somalis laugh at this claim that bin Laden helped them and sayunanimouslythat they never even heard of bin Laden until he began boasting about Somalia years later. [14], During the October 34 battle SNA forces would also fight alongside hundreds of irregulars or "volunteers" as referred to by U.S. Special Envoy to Somalia Robert B. Oakley, composed mostly of untrained civilians-turned-combatants, many of whom were women and children who had grievances against UNOSOM troops. On October 3 and 4, 1993, U.S. forces set out on a snatch-and-grab mission to arrest two of Aidid's lieutenants. [74] American officers who were later made privy Giumale's decision conceded that the presence of the civilians prevented an attack, but disputed the notion that the mortars were powerful enough to wipe out Task Force Ranger. [15] Groups of SNA platoons arriving from other parts of South Mogadishu would quickly begin splintering into a half-dozen squads of about six or seven men. After 10 minutes of Super 62 giving fire support to the Delta snipers, an RPG slammed into the cockpit, ripping straight through the engine and knocking the copilot unconscious. [74] Historian Stephen Biddle noted, "it was the UN, not the SNA, that disengaged to end the fighting. The battle was fought between a United States Special Forces team and Somali rebels loyal to the self-proclaimed Somalian president-to-be Mohamed Farrah Aidid. Blackburn received severe injuries and required evacuation by a column of three Humvees. [60][61] The pilots were able to fly their burning Black Hawk away from Aideed's turf to the more UNOSOM friendly port of Mogadishu and make a crash landing. [50] In the two and half years since the civil war had started, Bloody Monday represented the single deadliest attack in Mogadishu. They drew largely from his Habar Gidir sub-clan of the Hawiye, who began fighting U.S. troops following 12 July 1993. [28][72], The size and organizational structure of the Somali militia forces involved in the battle are not known in detail. A sixth U.S. Army Special Operations Forces Command soldier Sgt. [80], Two weeks after the battle, General Garrison, in a handwritten letter to President Clinton, took full responsibility for the battle's outcome. Clinton defended his exit strategy for U.S. forces and denied that the departure was premature. [61] The attack had not been the first time that September that Somali militia had managed to hit helicopters with RPG fire, but it was the first time they had used the tactic to take one down and the event was a propaganda victory for the SNA. [74][77], Despite the substantial array of heavier weaponry in its stockpiles, none were utilized during the October 34 battle. [15] Casualties included 18 dead American soldiers and 73 wounded,[16] with Malaysian forces suffering one death and seven wounded, and Pakistani forces suffering one death and two injuries. [24] Some estimates placed the amount of food aid being stolen at 80 percent, while other estimates claimed a far lower estimate of 20 percent. Some scholars believe that it was a major factor that influenced the Clinton administration's decision not to intervene in the Rwandan genocide, and it has commonly been referred to as "Somalia Syndrome". Killed in action, on 3 October 1993, during the Battle of Mogadishu. On the beach near the base, a memorial was held for those who were killed in combat. The history of the. [14][74][76] As night came many of the volunteers and irregulars would depart from the battle, leaving the experienced SNA fighters behind, American soldiers would notice that the shooting became less frequent but far more accurate. Falcon Brigade: Combat and Command in Somalia and Haiti, by Lawrence E. Casper (Col. USA Ret. tributed a total of 38,000 soldiers for the humani-tarian operation. Another al-Qaeda operative who was present at the battle was Zachariah al-Tunisi, who allegedly fired an RPG that downed one of the Black Hawk helicopters; he was later killed by an airstrike in Afghanistan in November 2001. [153], Bowden's book has been adapted into the film Black Hawk Down (2001), produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Ridley Scott. [160], The Seconds from Disaster television series spotlighted the raid-and-rescue mission in the season 7 episode "Chopper Down", which aired in February 2018. [37][50][51] The events of Bloody Monday would lead Aidid to make the decision to specifically target American soldiers for the first time and would result in the 8 August killings of U.S. troops that would push President Clinton to send in extra troops to capture him. While the goal of the operation was achieved, it was a pyrrhic victory and spiraled into the deadly Battle of Mogadishu. [27][37] According to the SNA, survivors, and witnesses, and corroborated by multiple aid and justice organizations such Human Rights Watch and Doctors Without Borders, along with journalists present in Mogadishu, such as American war correspondent Scott Petersona large group of prominent Habr Gidr members (along with members of other Hawiye subclans) and clan elders had gathered at a villa to discuss a peace initiative to end the four-month conflict between the SNA and UNOSOM. [154], Malaysian film Bakara, directed by Adrian Teh, retells the story of Malaysian contingent of UNOSOM II involvement during the rescue operation in the battle. The Battle Of Mogadishu is more than an underdog story. Under intense fire, the team moved the wounded men to a nearby collection point, where they built a makeshift shelter using kevlar armor plates salvaged from Super 61's wreckage. [15][74] With Durant now in his possession as hostage, Aidid later claimed in interview with journalists to have ordered a corridor to be opened up for the Americans as dawn broke. The battle shifted American foreign policy and it eventually led to the pullout of the U.N. mission in 1995. [143] While he had previously claimed responsibility for the ambush,[144] bin Laden denied having orchestrated the attack on the U.S. soldiers in Mogadishu but expressed delight at their deaths in battle against Somali fighters. Both units were under the mistaken impression that they were to be first contacted by the other. [70][112], In a national security policy review session held in the White House on 6 October 1993, U.S. President Bill Clinton directed the Acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral David E. Jeremiah, to stop all actions by U.S. forces against Aidid except those required in self-defense. The RPG connected with the tail rotor and the helicopter at first seemed to be fine. [80], The CSAR team found both the pilots dead and two wounded inside the crashed helicopter. Subscribe. The battle erupted as part of Operation Gothic Serpent, a campaign in Mogadishu, Somalia, led by Army Special Operations Forces from August to October 1993. [23], The United Nations' intervention, backed by U.S. Marines,has been credited with helping end the famine in Somalia, though the starvation had been improving in the worst affected areas before any significant deployment of troops. WASHINGTON -- The Defense Department Wednesday released a list of Somalia casualties, completing its accounting for all 12 Americans killed in a U.S. Army Ranger raid and firefight in Mogadishu. Militiamen loyal to Mohamed Farrah Aidid had killed 24 Pakistani soldiers in the escalating battle. In his book Holy War, Inc. (2001), CNN reporter Peter Bergen interviewed bin Laden, who affirmed these allegations. Experienced fighters supplemented the main forces with RPG-7 grenade launchers, sniper rifles, mortars, mines and machine guns. They contended that anti-mortar radar and Little Bird helicopters would have likely destroyed any mortar position after only firing one or two rounds. Oct. 4, 2013 <br>WASHINGTON -- As U.S. veterans of the October 1993 "Black Hawk Down" battle in Somalia honor their . Forced to depart the city on foot, they proceeded to a rendezvous point at the intersection of Hawlwadig Road and National Street. [4], Somali civilians suffered heavy casualties due to the dense urban character of the portion of Mogadishu that fighting took place in. [36], According to the Red Cross, there were 215 Somalis casualties, though they were only able to survey the dead and injured in the aftermath of the attack at only two of the hospitals in Mogadishu. He had nearly been beaten to death, only to be captured by Yusuf Dahir Mo'alim. [74], Remarkably, many of the volunteers during the Battle of Mogadishu came from rival clans, to the extent where members of the Abgal and Habar Gidr clans, who had destroyed large swathes of Mogadishu fighting each other only a few months earlier, fought side by side against UNOSOM forces. The Somalis, by and large, were using automatic rifles and grenade launchers and it was a very nasty fight, as intense as almost any battle you would find. [15], On the morning of 3 October 1993, a locally recruited intelligence asset reported to the CIA that two of Aidids principal advisors in the SNA, Omar Salad Elmi and Abdi Hassan Awale, would be meeting near the Olympic Hotel (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}20304.1N 451928.9E / 2.051139N 45.324694E / 2.051139; 45.324694). [84], The Somali National Alliance had divided South Mogadishu into 18 military sectors, each with its own field officer on alert at all times and a radio network linking them together. The Ready Battalion of the 24th Infantry Division, 164 Armor, composed 1,300 troops of Task Force Rogue, including the bulk of 1-64 Armor and Infantry troops from her sister battalion 3-15 Infantry. soldier". Chalk Four being carried by Black Hawk Super 67, piloted by CW3 Jeff Niklaus, was accidentally put a block north of their intended point (20305.5N 451927.9E / 2.051528N 45.324417E / 2.051528; 45.324417). [30][31][34], A $25,000 warrant was issued by Admiral Jonathan Howe for information leading to Aidid's arrest and UNOSOM forces began attacking targets all over Mogadishu in hopes of finding him. U.S. forces were finally evacuated to the U.N. base by the armored convoy. The battle was fought by forces of the United States supported by the. A deployment package of 16 helicopters and personnel from the 1st Battalion, C Squadron, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D) aka, Combat Controllers and Pararescuemen from the 24th Special Tactics Squadron, BLT 1/9 Battalion Landing Team 1st Battalion/ 9th Marines/ 13th MEU (Marine Expeditionary Unit/ USS, 2nd Battalion "Attack", 25th Aviation Regiment, 41st Engineer Battalion, 10th Mountain Division. Today marks the 20 th anniversary of The Battle of Mogadishu, the American operation in Somalia later immortalized by Mark Bowden's seminal non-fiction book "Black Hawk Down" and dramatized in Ridley Scott's exhilarating but slightly less non-fictional movie of the same name.On October 3, 1993, 160 U.S. Army Rangers and other special operations forces launched what was supposed to be a . [49], In the view of Robert B. Oakley, "Before July 12th, the U.S. would have been attacked only because of association with the UN, but the U.S. was never singled out until after July 12th". The raid, carried out by American QRF troops on behalf of UNOSOM II, was at the time the single deadliest incident in . [74], In the half hour following the loss of Super 64, desperate U.S. commanders unsuccessfully attempted to relieve the besieged troops. The public forum mainly remembers the image of dead, half-naked, mutilated soldiers being dragged through the streets of the city though the event proved deeper than the much-publicized, unforgettable conclusion. On October 3, 1993, about a hundred elite U.S. soldiers were dropped by helicopter into the teeming market in the heart of Mogadishu, Somalia. The al-Qaeda fighters in Somalia are rumored to have included the organization's military chief, Mohammed Atef, later killed by U.S. forces in Afghanistan. Estimates greatly vary from several hundred to several thousand militiamen and civilians killed,[101][102] with injuries around 1,0004,000. "[15], Ambassador Robert B. Oakley, the U.S. special representative to Somalia, is quoted as saying: "My own personal estimate is that there must have been 1,500 to 2,000 Somalis killed and wounded that day, because that battle was a true battleHelicopter gunships were being used as well as all sorts of automatic weapons on the ground by the U.S. and the United Nations.

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