2022.08.24 WednesdayThis means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Discourage questions and alternate solutions. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. J. abnorm. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. ] Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. 3. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. >> Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. /Contents 58 0 R The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). Their prediction provedcorrect. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. 112 This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. New York Times, p.C1. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. Nicole will probably experience. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. %PDF-1.5 Please sign in to share these flashcards. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. Oct. 2011. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). I'm sure you'll enjoy it." DISCUSSION. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. >> It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). /Root 48 0 R The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. 49 0 obj 2. Her improved performance is an example of. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. stream Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. <> Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. /Parent 45 0 R New York: Harper & Row. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Marco is using an example of. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. /O 49 One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. 0000001035 00000 n It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. Add to folder that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group.
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